Exciting news, catchers! ๐ Another paper was just published (as a pre-print for now), based on the results YOU HELPED GENERATE! Aaaand - "Stall Catchers", meaning YOU, are in the authors line!
You can read the full preprint here. Or scroll down for a quick summary!
Anti-VEGF treatment reduced capillary stalls and increased capillary flow speed within 1 hour in Alzheimer's mice. A - experimental timeline; two groups of mice (APP/PS1 - having Alzheimer's, and WT - wild type (no Alzheimer's) were treated with anti-VEGF on days 21, 23 and 24. B - capillary network of Alzheimer's mice before treatment, C - after treatment; yellow shows stalls capillaries. D - stall frequency before treatment, 1 hour after treatment and 1 week after treatment in Alzheimer's (APP/PS1) and wild type (WT) mice. E - snapshot of a capillary before and after treatment, showing increased speed of red blood cells after treatment. F - capillary speed in Alzheimer's and WT mice before and after treatment. G - capillary diameter in Alzheimer's and WT mice before and after treatment.In a nutshell:
This study helped make an exciting discovery, that an anti-VEGF treatment reduces the frequency of stalls and increases blood flow in Alzheimer's mice!
What's "VEGF"?
You can read more about the research behind in this post about the "anti-VEGF" dataset, which is in fact what this study was based on.
But in short, VEGF is a molecule involved in inflammatory and other processes in the cells. The hypothesis was that it is also involved in inducing capillary stalling in the brain in Alzheimer's, which you have now helped prove is correct!
Anti-VEGF treatment blocks VEGF and, in result, the stall rate is reduced.
An excerpt from the paper:
Here, we report that Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling at the luminal side of the brain microvasculature plays an integral role in the capillary stalling phenomenon of the APP/PS1 mouse model. Administration of the anti-mouse VEGF-A164 antibody, an isoform that inhibits blood brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, reduced the number of stalled capillaries within an hour of injection, leading to an immediate increase in average capillary blood flow but not capillary diameter.
What does it mean for Alzheimer's research?
This study helps provide a new and very important pieced of the puzzle, explaining the between VEGF signalling and stalls in the brain which leads to Alzheimer's.
Which means VEGF could be a promising target in finding therapies that improve blood flow and reduce symptoms in Alzheimer's patients!
Here's a couple excerpts from the paper explaining this:
In summary, this study describes how increased peripheral VEGF-A levels in the microvasculature of APP/PS1 mice lead to impaired BBB integrity, which correlates with increased capillary stalling, and reduced CBF. Furthermore, it describes how increased non-functional, pro-angiogenic VEGF-A signaling seen in AD could contribute to reduced CBF likely via capillary stalls.
Reducing leucocyte adhesion by inhibiting luminal VEGF signaling may provide a novel and well-tolerated strategy for improving brain microvascular blood flow in AD patients.
What was the Stall Catchers part?
While the researchers could do some of the experiments in the lab, like blood flow rate studies, the complete study wouldn't have been possible without stalled vessel analysis. Which YOU carried out in Stall Catchers!
Here's an excerpt about your work from the paper:
Crowd-sourced quantification and analysis of capillary stalling
To determine the incidence of non-flowing capillaries within the microvasculature we used a purpose-built citizen science data analysis platform, StallCatchers. We previously detailed and validated this methodology (Bracko et al., 2019). Briefly, we used the convolutional neural network DeepVess to segment 2PEF stacks into voxels defined to be within or outside of the vasculature (31). Vessel centerlines were then determined from this segmented image using standard dilation and thinning operations (32), and individual vessel segments were identified. Vessels with diameters greater than 10 ฮผm were excluded in order to restrict our analysis of stalling behaviors to capillaries. Identified capillary segments were outlined and a cropped image stack centered on each outlined capillary was uploaded to www.StallCatchers.com.
Volunteers scored each of the ~60,000 capillaries examined in this study as either flowing (0) or stalled (1). Since the Texas Red dextran labels the blood plasma, blood cells were seen as dark patches in the microvasculature lumen. StallCatchers users would determine whether they saw these dark patches move along the vessel axis across the multiple frames in which the outlined capillary was present (minimum of ~5). Multiple volunteers scored each capillary as flowing or stalled. Each volunteer had a unique sensitivity score determined by their performance on intermixed capillaries that had already been scored as stalled or flowing by lab members. A weighted โcrowd-confidenceโ score that took each volunteerโs sensitivity into account, ranging from 0 (likely flowing) to 1 (likely stalled) was then determined for each capillary. Capillaries with scores above 0.5 (n=900) were validated by lab members who were blinded to the genotype and treatment-status. Capillaries with crowd confidence scores of 0.9-1 were found to be stalled 95% of the time by lab members, whereas with confidence scores between 0.5 and 0.6, only 1.5% of the capillaries were determined to be stalled by lab members. This citizen science scoring of capillary flow reduced the number of capillaries directly examined by lab members by a factor of 50. Finally, stall rates were calculated as the number of stalled capillaries divided by the number of total capillaries across all 2PEF images taken for each mouse at each time point. All imaging stacks were manually checked for wrong connection after segmentation.
If you have any questions about this study or the paper, feel free to open them on our forum! ๐
Major thank you to all of you who contributed to this study ๐ This work couldn't have been done without you!!
Currently in Stall Catchers we have the "ApoE" dataset. Head straight there if you'd like to contribute to more amazing discoveries!!
This is a companion discussion topic for the original entry at https://blog.hcinst.org/vegf-preprint/